A Lawrence Lessig article (https://medium.com/equal-citizens/the-equal-protection-argument-against-winner-take-all-in-the-electoral-college-b09e8a49d777) posed 4 options, in the form of questions, re: which candidates should be permitted an allocation of a state's Electoral Votes while best respecting 1-man-1-vote (including avoidance of throwing the choosing of the Presidency to the House of Representatives when no candidate receives 270 EV).
a) One candidate with most votes?
b) Two candidates with most votes?
c) All candidates whose share of the vote met or exceed (somewhere between 5%-15%) of votes cast?
d) All candidates whose share of the vote would round to a whole number of EV?
The article posits c) as the answer.
What about
e) a variant of c) which involves ranked-choice voting. Voters would be permitted a "first choice" and a "second choice." The state would tabulate the total number of occurrences of each choice combination of their voters. Where any candidates' first-choice votes fail to meet or exceed the chosen minimum percentage, the state would substitute the second-choices of their voters. Any votes where the second-choice candidate also does not meet the minimum percentage does not count.
Why? Because it maximizes the chance of each individual's vote becoming meaningful to their state's EV calculation while still minimizing the risk of throwing the election to the House of Representatives.
2016 example -- California.. % votes // unrounded EV // whole EV
EV under method c)
Clinton - 61.72% // 35.49 // 35
Trump - 31.62% // 19.51 // 20
Total - 93.34% // 55 // 55 (93.34% means 6.66% of CA voters, 1 in 15, would have no say)
Under method d)
Clinton - 61.72% // 34.40 // 34
Trump - 31.62% // 17.62 // 20
Johnson - 3.37% // 1.88 // 2
Stein - 1.97% // 1.09 // 1
Total - 98.68% // 55 // 55
Supposing the following:
Second choices of Johnson voters -- 50% Trump (1.69%), 40% Clinton (1.35%), 10% other.
Second choices of Stein voters -- 80% Clinton (1.58%), 10% Trump (0.20%), 10% other.
Under method c) modified for ranked choice voting...
Clinton - 64.65% // 36.22 // 36
Trump - 33.51% // 18.78 // 19
Total - 98.16% // 55 // 55 {leaving 1.84% w/o a say, much closer to d) than c)}
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